Three survey items individually assessed hours of strenuous, moderate, and mild activity in a typical week, with several examples of each level of activity provided. ![]() Physical activity was assessed using questions adapted from the widely used Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire ( 21). ![]() All study protocols were approved by the University of Minnesota’s Institutional Review Board Human Subjects Committee. A total of 2,287 young adults completed the Project EAT-III survey between November 2008 and October 2009, representing 66.4% of participants who could be contacted ( 19). Ten years later, original participants were mailed letters inviting them to complete online or paper versions of the Project EAT-III survey and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota completed surveys and anthropometric measures ( 17, 18). At baseline (1998–1999), a total of 4,746 junior and senior high school students at 31 public schools in the Minneapolis/St. As prior research has documented greater consumption of these beverages among males and it is likely that gender-specific factors influence consumption patterns, associations were examined separately for males and females ( 16).ĭata for this cross-sectional analysis were drawn from Project EAT-III (Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults), the third wave of an observational study designed to examine dietary intake, physical activity, weight control behaviors, weight status, and factors associated with these outcomes among diverse young adults. Further, this study will identify patterns of health risk behaviors that co-occur with sports and energy drink consumption and may be important to understand in developing relevant intervention strategies to reduce consumption. studies to distinguish between consumption of sports drinks and energy drinks in identifying sociodemographic subgroups of young adults in need of targeted interventions. The present study addresses the need for research to inform health programs and services that meet the needs of young people during this high-risk life stage and will be among the first of U.S. Young adulthood has been identified as a high-risk period for the development of obesity, as well as unhealthy eating and physical activity patterns ( 15). There is thus a need for additional research to examine the co-occurrence of frequent sports and energy drink consumption with a wider spectrum of health behaviors that impact risk for obesity and chronic disease among young adults. It may be that sports and energy drink consumption are part of broader behavioral patterns based on common psychological (e.g., enjoyment of sensation-seeking behavior) or social (e.g., risk-oriented group membership) factors. While the risk-taking behaviors and potential severe consequences associated with consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks warrant concern and energy drink consumption has been associated with higher alcohol use, prior studies suggest that the majority of energy drink consumption does not occur in combination with alcohol ( 10, 12– 14). Most research designed to inform interventions for young adults has focused on the practice of consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks and college students. The high caffeine content and other stimulants in energy drinks which provide these purported benefits may also pose health risks to young adults, particularly when mixed with alcohol ( 8– 11). In contrast, energy drinks are marketed as a means for decreasing feelings of tiredness, boosting energy, enabling weight loss, and enhancing mental alertness ( 8). Sports drinks are marketed as a means for improving athletic performance and replacing electrolytes and fluids lost during intense physical activity ( 5, 7). Marketing for sports and energy drinks is often targeted to young adults, particularly males ( 4– 6). The largest increase in sports and energy drink consumption has occurred among young adult (20–34 years) consumers of these sugar-sweetened beverages with average daily energy consumption increasing from 498 kJ in 1999–2000 to 958 kJ in 2007–2008 ( 3). national survey data documented an increase in consumption of sports and energy drinks ( 3). Despite evidence of a decrease in total sugar-sweetened beverage intake over the past decade, U.S. ![]() High consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is at the forefront of public health concerns as previous research has shown that consumption is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, increased risk for cardiovascular diseases, and dental caries ( 1, 2).
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